
LITTLE CLASSIC SERIES 


Primitive 
Travel and 
Transportation 


A FLANAGAN COMPANY 



































































































































The Little Classic Series 

The most popular works of standard authors and poets 
arranged for use in schools, with introductions, explanatory 
notes, biographical sketches, portraits, and illustrations. 

Also elementary stories of nature, myth, history, industry, 
geography, biography, and literature. The grading sug¬ 
gested has been extensively followed by teachers with very 
satisfactory results, but may be varied to suit special 
conditions. 

The books have been carefully edited, are clearly printed on 
good paper, and have extra strong paper cover. Each book 
in the LITTLE CLASSIC SERIES contains thirty-two pages. 


SEVEN CENTS PER COPY 

Twenty Copies for $1.20 


First and Second Grades 

No. 

2719 Aesop’s Fables. 

2713 Old Time Stories. 

2725 Favorite Mother Goose Rhymes. 

2707 First Steps in Reading. 

2701 Jack and the Beanstalk. 

2726 Favorite Mother Goose Jingles. 

2720 Little Red Riding Hood. 

2727 Story of Little Black Sambo. 

2708 Bunny Cottontail Stories. 

2728 Ten Little Indian Stories. 

2721 Hiawatha and Henry W. Longfel¬ 

low. 

2730 Twelve Little Indian Stories. 

2716 Bunny Boy. 

2731 The Jenny Wren Book. 

2704 Bob the Cat. 

2723 Whitter and His Sncw-Bound. 

2732 The Bluebird Book. 

2717 Thanksgiving Stories. 

2733 Four Favorite Stories. 

2705 The Story of Two Little Rabbits. 

2724 The Three Misses Cottontail and 

King Rabbit. 

2734 My Shadow, and Other Poems. 

2718 Modern Fables. 

2735 My Treasures, and Other Poems. 

2706 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 

First and Second Grades. 

2819 Squirrel and Other Animal Stories. 


Second and Third Grades 

No. 

2736 Three Popular Stories. 

2714 The Story of Joseph. 

2807 Beauty and the Beast and Other 
Favorite Fairy Tales. 

2702 Susan Cottontail Stories. 

2802 Cinderella and Other Favorite 

Fairy Tales. 

2715 Robinson Crusoe. 

2738 Stories from Grimm. 

2729 Sixteen Little Indian Stories. 

2809 The Coming of the Christ-Chilr'. 

2709 Our Three Little Sisters and Hia¬ 

watha. 

2803 Christmas Stories. 

2722 Pussy Willow and other Tree 
Stories. 

2740 The Story of Peter Rabbit. 

2710 Stories About Animals. 

2810 The Little Story Reader. 

2711 Mr. and Mrs. Stout of Beaver Ds.ln 

and How JackrabbitLost HisTaSl. 

2823 Stories About Birds. 

2712 The Tale of Bunny Cottontail— 

Abridged. 

2825 Who Stole the Bird’s Nest, and 

Other Poems. 

2824 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 

For Third Grade. 

2826 The Robin Redbreast Book. 

2812 The Toyland of Santa Claus. 

2827 The Chickadee Book. 

2828 Brownie,’s Ride and Brownie and 

the Cook. 

2829 Escape at Bedtime, and Other 

Poems. 

2830 My Ship and I, and Other Poems. 


PUBLISHED BY 

A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 

CHICAGO 


© Cl A 688896 flgy ^ ^ 
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PRIMITIVE TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION 
By W. F. Rocheleau 

Copyright, 1922, A. Flanagan Company 


Introduction 

Since the time when, according to the biblical 
account, man was driven forth from the Garden of 
Eden, he has been a wanderer upon the face of the 
earth. In his early wanderings he was directed 
by curiosity and by desire for food. He was naked 
and without weapons, hut he soon learned to use a 
stick and began to carry it with him. This was 
probably the first carrying done by the race. As 
soon as men began to roam any distance from home 
it became necessary to carry the children who were 
too young to walk, and the child in arms was the 
second burden that man learned to bear. Then 
were added clothing and food, and later the portable 
tent or shelter. 

From these primitive beginnings the great sys¬ 
tems of transportation have been developed. For 
many generations, we do not know how many cen¬ 
turies, man was his own beast of burden, and all 
early devices for carrying were for helping to hold 
the pack or other burden in a convenient posi- 
l 




tion. The first devices were directly to assist the 
hand, and in our study of this subject we should 
always bear in mind that all artificial work goes 
back to man. Indeed, “all work is imitation of 
man’s work. The primitive form of every moving 
device exists in the human body.” 

Travel and transportation are related to every 
art and to almost every activity of man, and every 
trade known to exist has done sonle work especially 
for the traveler and common carrier. Moreover, it 
is by means of travel and transportation that the 
people of one locality are made acquainted with the 
people and products of other localities. An inter¬ 
change of products between people of different 
localities was one of the earliest results of this 
mutual acquaintance. Each tribe produced some¬ 
thing that the others did not possess or that they 
could not produce so well, and the exchange was 
to the advantage of both parties to the trade. 

Tribes dwelling in fertile river valleys could raise 
an abundance of grain, while those dwelling in the 
mountain and forest regions became skilful in mak¬ 
ing weapons and such implements and utensils as 
could be easily fashioned of wood. The forest 
tribes supplied those of the valley with imple¬ 
ments and weapons, and in return secured sup¬ 
plies of grain. This arrangement is still found 
in the Congo region in the interior of Africa, 
where the Pygmies and people of a larger race 
exist side by side. One race constitutes the hun¬ 
ters and forest rangers while the other consti¬ 
tutes the farmers. The hunters supply the 


farmers with meat and other forest products 
for which in return they receive their supply 
of garden produce and other foods obtained from 
the soil. 

Men’s wants have increased as their acquaintance 
has been extended, so that now the most highly 
civilized nations draw upon the resources of the 
earth to supply their real and fancied needs. 
Scarcely any commodity exists where it is needed 
or where it is used up. To illustrate: the rubber 
of the Amazon region is taken in its raw state to 
the river ports by the natives who gather it from 
the trees. The raw rubber is shipped to the man¬ 
ufacturers in the United States, where it is made 
into boots, shoes and other articles. These in turn 
are taken to the wholesale dealers, from whence 
they are distributed to the retail dealers, who sell 
them to the final consumers. Thus the material of 
which our rubber shoes are made is transported at 
least four times before the finished product reaches 
the final consumer. This is only one of many illus¬ 
trations that might be given to show how almost 
every commodity is handled and carried several 
times before it is placed in possession of those who 
use it. 

Many localities possess much larger quantities 
of some commodities than they can use, and they 
exchange the surplus for money or other commod¬ 
ities. The United States raises more grain and 
meat than are necessary to support its own people; 
consequently it exports large quantities of these 
products to Europe, for which in return it receives 
3 


money or manufactured goods. The Argentine 
Republic sends to Europe large quantities of wheat, 
wool and meat, and Australia is engaged in a similar 
trade with wool and meat. Thus these countries 
have built up an extensive commerce between them¬ 
selves and the countries of Europe. Again, every 
neighborhood has its local distribution of goods 
from the store to the customer, and there are con¬ 
stant exchanges of articles between neighbors and 
friends, so that all over the earth there is a con¬ 
stant running to and fro of men and women whose 
combined travels in a single day, some ingenious 
calculator has estimated, exceed fifty times the dis¬ 
tance of the earth to the sun. 

These endless goings and carryings bind together 
the trades and occupations of each community, mak¬ 
ing the farmer, the merchant, the mechanic, the 
blacksmith all dependent upon each other. They 
join in commercial bonds the nations mutually de¬ 
pendent upon each other for supplies, and promote 
peaceful relations among the peoples of the earth. 
Transportation and commerce have always been the 
chief promoters of civilization, and in the twentieth 
century they have become so extensive that they 
girdle the earth with bands of steel in the form of 
railways and ocean cables, and bind the nations 
together in an inseparable union whose common 
purpose is to advance the general welfare of men. 

Transportation differs from other highly organ¬ 
ized industries in that all stages of it are found in 
the most highly organized systems of railways and 
steamship lines. In no better way can this be ilius- 
4 


trated than in transportation by a large steamship 
carrying passengers‘and freight. The freight is 
loaded upon wagons by men and hauled to the dock, 
where it is unloaded and. taken on board the ship by 
hand, or on trucks moved by men. Then it may be 
placed in the hold of the vessel by elevators or 
cranes operated by steam or electric power. Por¬ 
ters attend to the passengers’ baggage, and the ship 
carries both freight and passengers to the destined 
port. When the destination is reached, the ship 
must be unloaded by men and the goods again loaded 


upon wagons and delivered to their owners. 

Apply this illustration to handling freight on 
railways and in wholesale and retail stores, and you 
will be surprised to see how closely the early 
methods of carrying are still identified 
with the most modern methods of this 
great industry. 

TOTING AND CARRYING 

Man was the first beast of burden, 
for he lived many years upon the 
earth before he began to domesticate 
animals. As soon as the family was 
organized, he placed the burden of 
carrying upon woman. In the early 
days of the race the women carried 
the burdens, made the fires, cooked the 
woman carrying me als and set up or constructed what¬ 
ever structure sheltered the family 
from sun and storm. Meanwhile, the men defended 
the camp from hostile tribes and hunted game for 



A FILIPINO 


5 





food. These early practices are still found among 
the native tribes in the interior of Africa and among 
some of the Indian tribes of North America. 

In general, women prefer toting, that is, carrying 
their burdens on the head, and men prefer packing 
or carrying, that is, bearing the burden on the 
shoulders or back. 

Men are still employed as carriers in all countries. 
They are necessary where other means of transpor¬ 
tation have not been developed, and their employ¬ 
ment is economical in regions so densely populated 
that labor is cheap and land can 
not be spared to raise fodder for 
pack animals, as in the densely 
populated portions of China and 
Japan. In these countries and 
among uncivilized tribes carrying 
has become a tine art. Each na¬ 
tion and tribe has developed its 
own peculiar methods and appli- 
head bands ances, and one familiar with the 
pueblo INDIANS su i3j ec t C an tell with a good degree 

of certainty, from the structure of the carrying- 
device and the material of which it is made, the 
tribe or nation from which it comes. 

One of the necessities of life for which the earliest 
provision for carrying was made was water, and as 
far back as carrying devices can be traced, two sorts 
of vessels were used for this purpose; those made 
from skins of animals, and jars or jugs. The es¬ 
sential features of the modern pitcher originated 
in the early water jars of uncivilized peoples. 

6 




These features are the rim around the bottom of 
the pitcher and the bulge in the lower part of the 

vessel to prevent it 
from being easily 
overturned. The rim 
with a concave sur¬ 
face above was to fit 
the vessel to the head, 
upon which it was 
carried. One or more 
handles were usually 
attached for conven¬ 
ience in lifting and 
balancing the vessel. 
The handle has been 
retained, and the 
other features have 
been so changed as in 
many cases to make 
them ornamental; but the underlying principles of 
the ancient water jar are still preserved in the mod¬ 
ern pitcher. 

Head pads woven from grass or bark were often 
used. They were made to fit the head, and the ves¬ 
sel or other burden was balanced upon them. The 
skill shown by modern carriers who employ this 
method is often surprising. A Zuni Indian woman 
will carry a jar of water on one of these pads upon 
her head without touching it with her hand, as un¬ 
concernedly as she would walk without her burden; 
and even preserve its balance in going up or down 
stairs or upon a ladder. The Irish milk maid makes 



CARRYING BASKET WITH 
HEAD PAD-ANGOLA 















a head pad of a kerchief or cloth, by quirking it into 
a ring, upon which she sets her pail and carries it 
with equal skill. Some European milk maids will 



FILIPINOS CARRYING VEGETABLES AND A CHILD 


carry three pails, one upon the head and one in each 
hand. 

Toting seems to be a common method of carrying 








among people of the negro race the world over, and 
wherever they are found, toting negro women are 
frequently seen, whether in the wilds of Africa or 
in the cities of southern states. The negroes of 
Angola use a basket having a head pad on the bot¬ 
tom, and woven from light, strong material. In the 
basket is placed whatever the carrier is to tote. A 
load of from fifty to seventy-five pounds in weight 
is easily handled by these people. 

Packing or carrying burdens on the back or 
shoulders is the method commonly employed on long 
marches and in caravans. The pack may be fitted 
to the back and tied together, or it may be placed 
in a receptacle constructed for the purpose. The 
pack is held in place by a head band, which passes 
over the forehead, by shoulder bands, or a breast 
band, or any two of these devices may be combined. 
The wide part of the band shown in the illustration 
passes over the forehead and the basket is held in 
place on the back, resting against the shoulders. 
The basket is used for holding whatever is. to be 
carried. The carrier often holds a staff in one 
hand, while the other is left free. There are over 
100,000 carriers in the Congo region, engaged in 
bringing the products of the forest to ports from 
whence they find their way to the channels of trade. 
Each man carries a load of seventy-five pounds, and 
he will travel twelve miles a day, which is equivalent 
to carrying one thousand pounds one mile. 

A carrying device common in Northern Europe 
and sometimes seen in the United States and Can¬ 
ada is the yoke. This consists of a piece of wood 
9 



A FRAME USED IN 
PLACE OF A YOKE 


hollowed out so as to fit over the shoulders, and 
having’ a space cut out in the middle for the neck. 

The yoke is usually about four 
feet long, and has cords with hooks 
attached to each end. The objects 
to be carried are attached to the 
hooks and the weight is sustained 
from the shoulders. This yoke 
was formerly used for gathering 
sap in the sugar orchards of New 
England and Northern New York. 
Its only advantage is that it keeps 
the object carried away from the 
limbs, so that one can walk more 
easily. A neck strap and a frame serve the same 
purpose, and they are commonly used by the women 
of Normandy. In the Philippine Islands and some 
other regions in the Far East, a 
simple shoulder pole is used in 
place of the yoke, for carrying 
packages, and sometimes a baby 
may he placed in one basket and 
merchandise in the other. 

The porter’s knot, commonly used 
by the carriers in England, is a pad 
fitted to the shoulders and held 
in place by a hand passing over the 
forehead. The head is protected by 
a stout leather cap. The pad 
serves as a resting place for the object to be carried, 
and it enables the carrier to take any sort of pack¬ 
age, such as a box, bag, case or cask, that is not too 
10 



the porter's 

KNOT 




heavy to be carried in this way, and hold it in 
place without inconvenience. These pads are al¬ 
most universally used by the 
freight carriers in Liverpool and 
other English cities. By the com¬ 
bined activity of these thousands 
of carriers a large steamship can 
be loaded or unloaded in a short 
time. 

The knapsack used by the sol¬ 
diers in regular armies is a spe¬ 
cial packing case or bag fastened 
to the body by straps passing over 
a pomo woman the shoulders, and designed to 
such small articles as mav be 

WITH HEAD BAND 

needed on the march. The blanket 
under which the soldier sleeps is usually rolled and 
fastened to the outside of the knapsack. 

Carrying upon the shoulders is common in some 
localities. The pack may be 
slung over the shoulder on a 
pole and rested against the 
back, while it is held in posi¬ 
tion by the hand holding the 
opposite end of the pole. This 
is a method common to the 
negro of the South when he 
goes on a tramp and takes 
his personal effects with 
him. The Sandwich Islander 
attaches two bundles to the pole and balances 
it upon the shoulders, as shown in the illustra- 
ll 



A SHOULDER PAD 












tion. The coolies of the Himalaya Mountains 
make the burden into one bundle and support 
it on the shoulders and the 
head, and the one in the picture 
looks like a walking haystack. 

The Mexican water seller 
carries his can fastened to his 
back and distributes its con¬ 
tents by measuring out in a tin 
cup graded according to the 
metric scale, the quantity each 
customer wants. Carriers of 
all sorts are found everywhere 
in Mexico, and some of them 
have wonderful endurance. The 
one shown in the illustration 
has a burden on his back and 
another in front, both being 
held in position by head bands. 
Mexico has but few railroads 
and practically no good carriage 
roads, and in some localities car¬ 
rying is the only practical method 
of transportation. This is also 
true of the Andean countries of 
South America. , Nearly all the 
goods taken from the sea ports to 
the cities on the high plateau are 
transported by carriers, and 
pianos and furniture are some¬ 
times taken far inland in this 
way. 



A COOLIE OF THE 
HIMALAYAS CARRYING HAY 
TO MARKET 



A SHOULDER POLE— 
SANDWICH ISLANDS 


12 


Shoulder carrying* is necessary where two or more 
men are required to carry the same packages, as in 
the case of the sedan chair and 
the palanquin. In Turkey heavy 
packages are often transported 
in this way. Our illustration 
shows a company of porters car¬ 
rying a: cask of wine, and en¬ 
ables us to understand how sev¬ 
eral men can be employed to 
good advantage in carrying a 
single object. 

Primitive people have better 
methods of carrying their chil¬ 
dren than are usually found 
among civilized people. The American mother takes 
her babe in her arms and hugs it to her breast when 
walking the city street or country road; a method 



A MEXICAN CARRYING 
TWO BURDENS WITH 
HEAD BANDS 



CARRYING A CASK OF WINE IN TURKEY 


tiresome to both mother and child. The Indian 
mother laces her papoose into his bark cradle, fast¬ 
ens the cradle to her Hack so that the child is in an 




upright position, and walks off with her hands free. 
When she stops to rest, the baby is stood against a 
tree or lulled to sleep by 
hanging the cradle upon a 
bough and swinging it. The 
Russian peasant woman 
places her baby in its basket 
cradle, swings the basket 
over her slioulder by a strap, 
and goes on with her work 
in the field. 

In Japan and other east¬ 
ern countries, children are 
carried as soon as they are 
old enough, by supporting 
them on the hips or shoul¬ 
ders. In no case do we find 
them carried in arms. 

The barrow was the early 
successor of the 
pack. By means of 
this device the 
greater portion of 
the burden’s weight is supported by 
the wheel, and it is easier to push 
the barrow than to carry the load. 

By exerting the same effort a man 
can _ transport a much larger load 
by means of the barrow than by 
carrying. In China the wheelbar¬ 
row is used for carrying‘both pas¬ 
sengers and freight. In America 
14 



CRADLE USED BY THE 
OREGON INDIANS 



A KICKAPOO WOMAN 
CARRYING A CHILD 



it is extensively used wherever hand labor is em¬ 
ployed for grading railroads and sites for large 



A WHEELBARROW CARRYING FREIGHT 
AND A PASSENGER—CHINA 


buildings; but in the countries of Europe and 
America its use for moving freight is limited and 
local. 

PACK ANIMALS 

One of the first us&s of domesticated animals was 
in transportation. As soon as man had gained 
control over the ox, the ass and the camel, he learned 
that they could carry his loads much more easily 
than he could perform that labor himself, and early 
in human history the pack animal was brought into 
service. The animals most generally used as pack 
animals are the ox, the camel, the donkey, the yak, 
the elephant, the llama and the horse. Each of 
these animals predominates in the locality where he 
thrives best and can be most economically used. For 
15 
























instance, of tlie hundred million horses in the world, 
at least eighty millions are found within the tem¬ 
perate regions, and the elephant and the camel con¬ 
stitute the chief pack animals of the Tropics, be¬ 
cause the climate of those regions is such that other 
pack animals can not be used there with profit. 

A few elephants are employed in Burma, Ceylon, 
and some other countries of the Orient, where the 
heat is intense and where vegetation is abundant, 
but they can not be used in regions having a crowded 
population, because all of the land is required for 
the support of the people. An elephant will carry 
a load of from 1800 to 2500 pounds and thrive in a 
country where a horse can not live. Elephants are 
valuable in handling timber and other heavy objects, 
which they pick up with their trunks and carry to 
places directed by their drivers, where they care¬ 
fully place the burdens in position. Under careful 
directions these huge animals will pile logs or timber 
as skilfully as the best workmen. They are also 
fitted with harness and used to haul heavy loads. 

The camel has aptly been styled the “ship of the 
desert , 99 for he is the only beast of burden that can 
endure the long marches across the barren wastes 
of Africa and Central Asia. His feet are adapted 
to walking in the sand; he is not affected by the 
heat, and if necessary he can go nearly two weeks 
without water and several days without food, sub¬ 
sisting upon the fat which is stored in the hump on 
his back. He can carry a load equal to that of three 
horses, and can travel with as great a degree of 
speed. Goods from the region of Soudan have for 
16 


centuries been carried across the desert to Cairo, 
Alexandria and other cities on the southern coast 
of the Mediterranean by caravans of camels. On 
their return trips the caravans take supplies for the 
interior. This caravan trade is carried on regularly 
and systematically, so that the times of arrival and 
departure of the caravans may be known several 
days in advance. 

The camel is also used for carrying passengers, 
and when placed in passenger service a saddle is 



fitted to his back, in which two or three per¬ 
sons may ride. In Egypt and other eastern coun¬ 
tries these saddles are often decorated with em¬ 
broidered cloths and curtains so that the riders 
arc screened from observers. The camel has 
aptly been styled the “palace car of the desert,” 
because he is employed by the most wealthy resi¬ 
dents of the countries where he is found, and by 
wealthy tourists traversing those regions. 



Before the construction of the Trans-Siberian 
Railway, an extensive caravan trade was carried on 
between China and Russia in Europe. Tea was 
carried on the westward trip, and European goods 
on the return. Since these distant countries have 
been connected by railway, however, the caravan 
trade in Asia is carried on principally in the plateau 
of Turkestan, where the yak, a species of native ox, 
is used. 

The llama is the native pack animal of South 
America, and is used in the mountainous regions 
where neither the horse nor the burro can be em¬ 
ployed with profit. The llama belongs to the camel 
family and is especially adapted to mountain climb¬ 
ing. It can carry from fifty to two hundred pounds, 
is docile and easily managed, and it is very useful 
for carrying goods in the high altitudes" of the 
Andes. In all other parts of South America the 
horse, the ox and the mule are used. 

The burro is common in Mexico, Europe, western 
Asia and in the Rocky Mountain regions of the 
United States. These little animals are very sure¬ 
footed and faithful, and vith less care will perform 
relatively more service than the horse. For trans¬ 
portation in the mountains and for long distances 
over the country roads they are usually gathered 
in considerable numbers, forming pack trains. 
They travel in single file, each animal following the 
one ahead with but little direction from the drivers. 

In some countries of Europe and in the Polar 
regions, the dog is used to carry packs and haul 
sledges and carts. In Holland, Belgium and Nor- 
18 


mandy many milk and vegetable carts are hauled by 
dogs, and without dog teams, most of the explorers 



A MILK WAGON IN BELGIUM 


in the Arctic regions would not have been able to 
go any distances from their ships. In the early 
days of the Canadian fur trade, and when the region 
around the Red River of the North was first settled, 
trains of dog teams carried goods from St. Paul to 
these outposts in the winter, and even now dog 











teams are sometimes used to carry doctors and 
officials from one lumber camp to another in the 
Northern woods. 



FILIPINO GIRLS CARRYING WATER IN BAMBOO TUBES 


The horse has never been used extensively as a 
pack animal, but he has carried his master into 
many climes and countries. He has been foremost 
in war, and pompous in peace and is rightly called 
the aristocrat among domestic animals. After the 
days of chivalry, the horse came into use through- 
20 











out Europe as a draft animal, and from that time 
to the present he has been doing the principal part 
in hauling passengers and freight in Europe and 
America and in some parts of Asia, hut he is not 
profitable in the Tropics because he can not with¬ 
stand the intense heat of those regions. In trans¬ 
portation the horse is more closely related to roads 
and carriages than to pack animals; therefore we 
will say nothing further concerning him at this 
point. 

PECULIAR DEVICES 

Local peculiarities of travel and transportation 
are found in almost every land and city, but many 



THE EKKA OF INDIA 


of them are only slightly different from those 
methods and devices in general use, so that they 
21 




attract little or no attention. The traveler, how¬ 
ever, is everywhere impressed with the ingenuity by 
which men make use of local conditions and ad¬ 
vantageously adapt the material at hand to their 
needs. 

For instance, we carry water in pails and, casks. 
We should never think of carrying it in tubes made 



A PASSENGER WHEELBARROW-CHINA 


of hollow bamboo stalks, but in the far East where 
bamboo is plenty and carpenter work scarce and 
expensive, the bamboo tube is very convenient for 
carrying water. With one or more of these tubes 
filled with water and thrown over her shoulder, the 
Filipino girl walks from the well to her hut with 
her daily supply. 

The ekka used in the hill country in India, is a 
bungling sort of two-wheeled cart for carrying 

22 




passengers and baggage. The passenger sits in the 
cart and the driver on the horse, while the baggage 
may be stored beneath the conveyance in a pocket 
which is a sort of a sack. If you ask for a cab in 
China, you will be furnished with a one-wheeled 
vehicle on which you can ride, provided you have a 



CROSSING A RIVER BY A BRIDGE OF A SINGLE ROPB 


companion to occupy the seat opposite and thus 
maintain the balance. This vehicle is really a pas¬ 
senger wheelbarrow, and is pushed along by a China¬ 
man, and your progress is anything but rapid. Yet, 
in the narrow crowded streets of a Chinese city even 
this method of conveyance is preferable to walk¬ 
ing. In Japan you ride in the jinrikisha, a little 
23 



















two-wheeled carriage seating one or two persons 
and drawn by a man. Those who draw the jin- 
rikishas are trained runners and make good time. 
When a long distance is to be covered, relays of run¬ 
ners are provided at frequent intervals, and a jour¬ 
ney of a number of miles can be made comfortably 
and with a good degree of speed. 

Some streams in the mountainous regions of India 
are occasionally crossed by bridges consisting of a 
single rope of rawhide. The rope is suspended so 



CIRCULAR BOATS USED ON THE TIGRIS RIVER 


that the end at which the passenger starts is highei 
than that on the opposite bank. The passenger 
places a short stick of wood having a groove which 
fits' over the rope, upon the bridge, and grasping 
this with both hands slides across the stream as 
easily as a bird flies through the air. In Switzer¬ 
land they have improved upon the rope bridge of 
India, by substituting the steel cable for the raw¬ 
hide rope, and by using cars which are hauled across 
deep ravines and up the sides of mountains by steam 

24 


power, which winds a rope attached to the car that 
runs upon the cable by means of a pulley. By this 
device passengers are carried across ravines and 
up steep slopes in the Alps, often swinging in the 
air hundreds of feet above the ground. 

If you go to Bagdad and wish to cross the Tigris, 
you will be ferried over in a boat that in shape and 
appearance resembles a large wash-tub with curved 
sides. While in most localities the term “tub” is 
applied to boats in derision, here its application is 



A STREET CAR IN MOMBASSA-AFRICA 


literal. Nevertheless, the ferrymen handle these 
tubs or circular boats with a rare degree of skill, 
and the passage of the river is quickly and safely 
accomplished. But perhaps the most novel method 
of transportation on rivers is that used in some 
parts of India, where the men make rafts of inflated 
bullock skins. The skin is removed from the ani¬ 
mal whole, and the openings are made air tight. 

25 










When needed for use the skins are inflated with air, 
and two or three of these skins fastened together 
make a raft that will float a heavy load. The rafts 
are used only in going down-stream. When the 
journey is completed the air is expelled and the 
skins are folded into small space and carried back, 
to be inflated for another trip. 

Mombassa has a very peculiar street railway. It 
consists of a light tramway on which run cars con¬ 
taining only a single passenger. Each car is pushed 
by a man. 


‘26 


ROADS AND CARRIAGES 


The first roads were mere foot paths or trails 
over which men walked in single file. They began 
to be formed as soon as men began to travel; there¬ 
fore their existence is, as old as that of the human 
race. Roads of this sort were common long before 
beasts of burden were domesticated, for before the 
use of domesticated animals was known “mankind 
had walked over every habitable part of the world.” 
By some it is supposed that these early trails were 
those formed by the animals in their wanderings, 
such as those made by the buffaloes in North Amer¬ 
ica. Other authorities have considered these early 
trails to have been formed by man. Doubtless both 
of these suppositions are correct, some of the primi¬ 
tive roads being animal paths and others those 
formed by the frequent passage of men. These 
paths were usually the shortest practicable roads 
between the points which they connected. They 
avoided obstructions, often went around instead of 
over steep hills, and led to such places on streams 
as could be bridged or forded. 

The first bridges consisted of trees felled across 
the streams or of stones upon which the traveler 
could walk from one bank to the other. Streams 
that could not be bridged in this manner or forded 
were impassable until the boat came into use. 

With the domestication of the ox and other beasts 
of burden, more attention was given to the removal 
27 


of obstructions from the path of travel, and when 
the carriage was invented a decided modification of 
these primitive highways became necessary. The 
ancient Egyptians constructed roads which required 
a good degree of engineering skill. They also used 
the sledge, the earliest vehicle known, and it is quite 
probable that rollers were placed under their sledges 
for moving heavy objects. From the movable roller 
to the wheel attached to the vehicle was a compara- 


. 4 - 


CARRYING A PASSENGER IN LUZON-PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

tively easy step, especially since the first wheels 
were probably cross sections of logs. The primitive 
two-wlieeled cart was the forerunner of the chariot 
used by the Egyptians and Romans. Thus we see 
that roads and vehicles developed together, each 
making the other necessary. 

Among the ancient nations the Romans were the 
most noted builders of roads. They regarded these 
28 











highways as of vital importance for the maintenance 
of their empire. Wherever possible, Roman roads 
were straight, and they were constructed in the most 
substantial manner, for some of them have with¬ 
stood the traffic of two thousand years without ma¬ 
terial injury. The Appian Way, extending three 
hundred fifty miles from Rome to Brundisium, was 
begun by the Emperor Appius Claudius, 312 B. C., 
and so perfect was the work of construction that 



A BAMBOO CART-CEYLON 


sections of the road are still in good repair. It 
was over this road that the Apostle Paul entered 
Rome. 

After the decay of the Roman Empire, the build¬ 
ing of roads received little attention until the thir¬ 
teenth century. During the age of chivalry, the 
horse was ridden and used for bearing burdens, and 
carriages of any form were for a time looked upon 
with disapproval. In 1285 we find recorded one of 
the earliest of the English road laws. It directed 
29 






that all trees and shrubs he cut down to a distance 
of two hundred feet, on either side of roads between 
market towns, to prevent concealment of robbers in 
them. The first toll for repairing roads was levied 
in 1346. For a time France was the leading nation 
in the construction of roads, but the French engin¬ 
eers finally adopted the English method invented by 
Macadam, and now throughout all European coun¬ 
tries north of the Pyrenees excellent systems of 
highways are maintained. These roads are in charge 
of government engineers and are kept in the best 
state of repair. In their construction the highest 
degree of engineering skill has been employed; hence 
there are but few heavy grades, and the roadbed 
is of such material that it is always hard and is not 
affected by rain or snow. Roads of this sort con¬ 
nect all the hamlets and rural districts throughout 
the British Isles, France, Germany, Switzerland and 
Northern Italy. Upon them a horse can haul from 
three to four times as heavy a load as it can upon 
the average American road. 

The early American colonists found the country 
threaded with Indian trails. Many of these were so 
well marked that traces of them may still be found 
in some localities. At first these trails were laid 
out by the Indians with reference to the location of 
their enemies and their hunting grounds, but after 
the coming of the white man they led to the nearest 
trading stations. The Jesuit Missionaries called 
these trails “roads of iron” because they were so 
difficult to follow. Nevertheless, in most cases their 
locations were wisely chosen, as later events have 
30 


proven. Since these trails afforded the best means 
of travel into the interior, it was natural that the 
early settlers should follow them in their journeys 
of exploration and when in search of game. 

As they became acquainted with the country, the 
settlers extended their journeys farther and farther. 
Thus it was that the Indian trails westward formed 
the first connections between the New England col¬ 
onists and the streams and valleys of the Mississippi 
basin. The destination of each was a river or lake 
of the West. Some of these trails are still of great 
historic interest. The Old Connecticut Path extended 
westward from the vicinity of Boston to the Hud¬ 
son river at Albany. The advantages of its location 
are seen in the fact that the Boston and Albany 
Railroad follows it very closely for nearly its entire 
length. It was over this trail that the New England 
colonists took their first journey westward, and the 
novel, “The Bay Path,” by J. G. Holland, is founded 
upon incidents associated with the Old Connecticut 
Path. At an early date this was made a public high¬ 
way by the General Court of Massachusetts. An¬ 
other noted trail, which might be considered a con¬ 
tinuation of the old Connecticut Path, though it had 
no real connection with it, was the Iroquois Trail, 
which was the main highway of this powerful Indian 
confederation, and extended from the Hudson River 
to the Niagara along the line now followed by the 
New York Central Railroad. The Lake Shore Trail 
is another of these paths; it k now followed by 
the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 
across Ohio. 


31 


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A. Flanagan Company—Chicago 























The Little Classic Series 

The most popular works of standard authors and poets 
arranged for use in schools, with introductions, explanatory 
notes, biographical sketches, portraits, and illustrations. 

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geography, biography, and literature. The grading sug¬ 
gested has been extensively followed by teachers with very 
satisfactory results, but may be varied to suit special 
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good paper, and have extra strong paper cover. Each book 
in the LITTLE CLASSIC SERIES contains thirty-two pages. 


SEVEN CENTS PER COPY 

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Third and Fourth Grades 

No. 

2831 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard— 

Part I. 

2832 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard— 

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2833 Aunt Martha's Corner Copboard— 

Part III. 

2808 How Little Cedric Became a 
Knight. 

2835 The Little Brown Pitcher. 

2737 The Golden Bird and Seven Ravens. 

2836 The Little Brown Man. 

2821 Longfellow and Hiawatha. 

2837 The Queer Little Tailor. 

2815 Stories of Old New England. 

2839 Drakestail and Choosing a King. 
2739 Daffydowndilly and the Golden 

Touch. 

2903 A Christmas Carol. 

2822 Stories of Sir Launcelot and Other 

King Arthur Stories. 

2840 Story of Leather, Boots and Shoes. 

2816 The Story of a Beehive. 

2922 Miss Alcott's Girls. 

2741 Two Brownie Parties. 

2841 The Story of King Corn. 

2817 Stories of '76. 

2925 The Story of Coal. 

2805 Some of Our Birds. 

2926 The Story of Wheat. 

2818 Arthur, The Hero King. 

2927 The Story of King Cotton. 

2806 King Arthur Stories. 


Fourth and Fifth Grades 

No. 

2928 The Story of Sugar. 

2919 The Story of Daniel Boone. 

2929 The Story of Lumber. 

2913 American Naval Heroes. 

2930 The Story of Iron. 

2834 Little Goody Two Shoes. 

2931 Night Before Christmas and Other 

Christmas Poems. 

2907 Our Pilgrim Forefathers. 

2932 The Story of Granite, Copper and 

Zinc. 

2901 The Story of Abraham Lincoln. 

2933 The Story of Marble and Slate. 

2920 The Story of Washington. 

2934 The Story of Fruit. 

2914 The Story of Benjamin Franklin. 

2935 Norse Heroes. 

2908 A Longfellow Booklet. 

2936 Norse Myths. 

2838 The Bluest of Blue Birds. 

2937 Norse Legends. 

2902 The Norse Seamen and Christo¬ 

pher Columbus. 

2915 The Story of the Revolution. 

2909 Henry Hudson and Other Explor¬ 

ers. 

2916 Miss Alcott's Boys. 

2910 Orioles, Bobolinks and other Birds. 
2923 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 

For Fourth and Fifth Grades. 

2917 Grace Darling and Florence Night¬ 

ingale. 


PUBLISHED BY 

A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 

CHICAGO 




The Little f 

The most popular works 
arranged for use in schools 
notes, biographical sketch 
Also elementary stories of 
geography, biography, anc 
gested has been extensivel; 
satisfactory results, but 
conditions. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



The books have been carefully edited, are clearly printed on 
good paper, and have extra strong paper cover. Each book 
in the LITTLE CLASSIC SERIES contains thirty-two pages. 


SEVEN CENTS PER COPY 


Twenty Copies for $1.20 

No. 


Fifth and Sixth Grades 

No. 

2938 The Story of Gold and Silver. 

2911 The Story of Jeanne (Joan)D’Arc. 

3020 The Story of Our Flag. 

2923 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 

For Fourth and Fifth Grades. 

2939 The Story of Oil. 

2905 The Three Golden Apples. 

2940 Longfellow’s Poems. 

2924 The Story of Electricity. 

3002 Rab and His Friends. 

2918 William McKinley. 

3021 The Great Stone Face. 

2912 The Discovery of America. 

2943 The Story of Paper, Pens, Pencils, 

etc. 

3019 The Story of Steam. 

2944 The Story of Printing. 

3013 Father Marquette. 

2945 The Story of Newcpapers and 

Books. 

3007 The Miraculous Pitcher. 

3025 The Story of Robinhood. 

3001 The Story of La Salle. 

Sixth and Seventh Grades 

No. 

3026 The Story of Motors. 

3014 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 

For Sixth Grade. 

3016 Rip Van Winkle and Author’s Ac¬ 
count of Himself. 

3008 The King of The Golden River. 

3027 The Story of Glass. 

2941 The Golden Fleece. 

3028 The Meat-Packing Industry. 

2942 Whittier’s Poems. 

3029 Tennyson’s Poems. 

3015 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. 

3030 Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare— 

Part I. 

3031 Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare— 

Part II. 


3009 The Pied Piper of Hamlin and 

Other Poems. 

3011 The Song of Hiawatha—Abridged. 

3003 The Snow-I mage. 

3032 Primitive Travel and Transporta¬ 

tion. 

3022 The Courtship of Miles Standish. 

3033 The Story of Ships and Shipping. 
3024 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 

For Seventh Grade. 

3034 Ocean Routes and Navigation. 

Seventh and Eighth Grades 

No. 

3035 American Railway Systems. 

3018 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. 

3010 Evangeline. 

3036 Horatius at the Bridge, and Other 

Poems. 

3012 The Cotter’s Saturday Night and 

Other Poems. 

3037 Lowell's Poems. 

3004 Thanatopsis and Other Poems. 

3006 The Deserted Village (Goldsmith) 

and Gray’s Elegy. 

3038 Washington’s Farewell Address 

and Other Papers. 

3122 The Vision of Sir Launfal and 
Other Poems. 

3039 Prisoner of Chillon and Other 

Poems. 

3017 Snow-Bound and the Corn Song. 
3115 The Magna Charta. 

3040 Sir Roger De Coverley Papers. 

3041 Carrying the U. S. Mail. 

3108 Speeches by Lincoln. 

3005 Enoch Arden. 

3101 Sohrab and Rustum. 

3042 Navigating the Air—Electric Rail¬ 

ways. 

3107 Famous Poems of Famous Poets— 
Eighth Grade. 


PUBLISHED BY 

A. FLANAGAN COMPANY 
CHICAGO 















